---
title: "simPIC: simulating single-cell ATAC-seq data"
author: "Sagrika Chugh"
package: simPIC
date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
output: 
  BiocStyle::html_document:
    toc: true
    toc_float: true
vignette: >
  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{simPIC: simulating single-cell ATAC-seq data}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
editor_options: 
  markdown: 
    wrap: 80
---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 80px; right: 60px;"><img src="logo/Logo.png" style="height: 120px;">
</div>

```{r knitr-options, echo = FALSE, message = FALSE, warning = FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(collapse = TRUE, comment = "#>")
options(max.print = 30)
```

# Introduction
simPIC is an R package for simulating single-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq) data. It provides flexible control over cell-type composition and batch structure. Users can generate synthetic scATAC-seq matrices that reflect realistic scATAC-seq data characteristics, including sparsity, heterogeneity, and technical variation.

simPIC supports simulation of:

- scATAC-seq data that mimics key characteristics--- library size, peak means, and cell sparsity of real scATAC-seq data.

- Multiple cell types with varying proportions and distinct accessibility profiles.

- Batch effects that mimic real experimental scenarios.

The output includes peak-level accessibility counts and metadata, which can be used in downstream analysis pipelines. This vignette provides an overview of simPIC's key functions and demonstrates how to simulate datasets under different experimental designs.

# Installation

simPIC can be installed from Bioconductor:

```{r install-bioc, eval = FALSE, include=TRUE}
BiocManager::install("simPIC")
```

To install the latest development version from GitHub use:

```{r install-dev, eval = FALSE, include=TRUE}
BiocManager::install(
    "sagrikachugh/simPIC",
    dependencies = TRUE,
    build_vignettes = TRUE
)
```

# Quick start

To get started with simPIC, follow these two simple steps to simulate a dataset:

- Load your existing count matrix (similar to the one you wish to simulate) and estimate parameters using `simPICestimate` function

- Run the simulation with the `simPICsimulate` function to generate a synthetic dataset that mimics the characteristics of your real data.

```{r quickstart}
# Load package
suppressPackageStartupMessages({
    library(simPIC)
})

# Load test data
set.seed(567)
counts <- readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test.rds", package = "simPIC"))

# Estimate parameters
est <- simPICestimate(counts)

# Simulate data using estimated parameters
sim <- simPICsimulate(est)
```

# Input data

simPIC recommends using a Paired-Insertion Count (PIC) matrix for optimal utilization of the quantitative information in scATAC-seq data. To convert your own matrix to a PIC format, refer to the `PICsnATAC`
[GitHub vignette][PIC-vignette] for detailed instructions. In brief, you will need three input files:

- Cell barcodes with metadata (`singlecell.csv`)
- List of peak regions (`peaks.bed`)
- Fragment files (`fragment.tsv.gz`)

```{r pic, eval=FALSE, include=TRUE}
pic_mat <- PIC_counting(
    cells = cells,
    fragment_tsv_gz_file_location = fragment_tsv_gz_file_location,
    peak_sets = peak_sets
)
```

# simPIC simulation

The core of the simPIC simulation framework is a `gamma-Poisson model`, which generates a uniform peak-by-cell count matrix reflecting chromatin accessibility. Mean accessibility values for each peak are drawn from a `Weibull` distribution by default, though users can optionally choose from `gamma`, `lognormal-gamma`, or `pareto` distributions to better match the characteristics of their data.

Each cell is assigned an expected library size, simulated using a `log-normal` distribution to mimic real datasets. Finally, sparsity is introduced by applying a `Bernoulli` distribution to counts simulated using `Poisson` distribution, capturing the high sparsity nature of single-cell ATAC-seq data.

# simPICcount class

All simulation parameters in simPIC are stored in a dedicated `simPICcount` object — a class specifically designed to hold settings and metadata for simulating single-cell ATAC-seq data. Let’s create one and explore its structure.

```{r simPICparams}
sim.params <- newsimPICcount()
```

The default values of the `simPICcount` object are pre-loaded based on the included test dataset, providing a starting point for simulation.
```{r params}
sim.params
```

## Getting and setting parameters

To access a specific parameter, such as the number of peaks, the user can use the `simPICget` function: 
```{r getParam}
simPICget(sim.params, "nPeaks")
```

Alternatively, to assign a new value to a parameter, we can use the `setsimPICparameters` function:

```{r setParam}
sim.params <- setsimPICparameters(sim.params, nPeaks = 2000)
simPICget(sim.params, "nPeaks")
```

The above functions also allows getting or setting multiple parameters simultaneously:

```{r getParams-setParams}
# Set multiple parameters at once (using a list)
sim.params <- setsimPICparameters(sim.params,
    update = list(nPeaks = 8000, nCells = 500)
)
# Extract multiple parameters as a list
params <- simPICgetparameters(
    sim.params,
    c("nPeaks", "nCells", "peak.mean.shape")
)
# Set multiple parameters at once (using additional arguments)
params <- setsimPICparameters(sim.params,
    lib.size.sdlog = 3.5, lib.size.meanlog = 9.07
)
params
```

# Estimating Parameters

simPIC enables the estimation of its parameters from a SingleCellExperiment object or a count matrix using the `simPICestimate` function.

In this section, we estimate parameters from a counts matrix using the default settings. The estimation process involves the following steps:

-  Estimating mean parameters by fitting a Weibull distribution (default) to the peak means.

-  Estimating library size parameters by fitting a log-normal distribution to the library sizes.

-  Estimating the sparsity parameter by fitting a Bernoulli distribution.

```{r simPICestimate}
# Get the counts from test data
#counts <- readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test.rds", package = "simPIC"))

# Check that counts is a dgCMatrix
class(counts)
typeof(counts)

# Check the dimensions, each row is a peak, each column is a cell
dim(counts)

# Show the first few entries
counts[1:5, 1:5]

new <- newsimPICcount()
new <- simPICestimate(counts)

## estimating using gamma distribution
## new <- simPICestimate(counts, pm.distr = "gamma")
```

For more details on the estimation procedures, refer to `?simPICestimate`.

# Simulating counts

Once we have a set of parameters, we can use the `simPICsimulate` function to simulate counts. To modify the parameters, simply provide them as additional arguments. If no parameters are supplied, the default values will be used:

```{r simPICsimulate}
sim <- simPICsimulate(new, nCells = 500)
sim

## simulating using gamma distribution
## sim <- simPICsimulate(new, nCells =500, pm.distr = "gamma")
```

The output of `simPICsimulate` is a `SingleCellExperiment` object, where `sim` contains `r nrow(sim)` features (peaks) and `r ncol(sim)` samples (cells). The main component of this object is a matrix of simulated counts, organized by features (peaks) and samples (cells), which can be accessed using the `counts` function. In addition, the `SingleCellExperiment` object stores metadata for each cell (accessible via `colData`) and each peak (accessible via `rowData`). simPIC uses these slots, along with `assays`, to store intermediate values during the simulation process.

```{r SCE}
# Access the counts
counts(sim)[1:5, 1:5]
# Information about peaks
head(rowData(sim))
# Information about cells
head(colData(sim))
# Peak by cell matrices
names(assays(sim))
```

The `simPICsimulate` function provides additional simulation details:

**Cell Information (`colData`)**  
- `Cell`: Unique cell identifier.  
- `exp.libsize`: Expected library size for that cell (not derived from the final simulated counts).

**Peak Information (`rowData`)**  
- `Peak`: Unique peak identifier.  
- `exp.peakmean`: Expected peak means for that peak (not derived from the final simulated counts).

**Peak-by-Cell Information (`assays`)**  
- `counts`: Final simulated counts.

For more information on the simulation process, see `?simPICsimulate`.

## Comparing Simulations and Real Data

simPIC provides a function `simPICcompare` that helps simplify the comparison between simulations and real data. This function takes a list of `SingleCellExperiment` objects, combines the datasets, and produces comparison plots. Let's create two small simulations and see how they compare.

```{r comparison, warning=FALSE}
sim1 <- simPICsimulate(nPeaks = 2000, nCells = 500)
sim2 <- simPICsimulate(nPeaks = 2000, nCells = 500)
comparison <- simPICcompare(list(real = sim1, simPIC = sim2))

names(comparison)
names(comparison$Plots)
```

The returned list from `simPICcompare` contains three items:

- The first two items are the combined datasets:

- By peak (`RowData`)
- By cell (`ColData`)

- The third item contains comparison plots (produced using `ggplot2`), such as a plot of the distribution of means.

```{r comparison-means}
comparison$Plots$Means
```

# Simulating Multiple Cell Types - equal proportions

simPIC allows you to simulate data for multiple cell types, each with its own distinct accessibility profile. This is useful when you want to model more complex scenarios where different cell types contribute to the overall chromatin accessibility landscape.

To simulate multiple cell-types, set the `method` parameter to `groups`. This tells simPIC to simulate counts for multiple cell-types. You also need to specify the number of groups (cell-types) and their respective proportions using the `nGroups` and `group.prob` parameters.

For example, to simulate two cell types with equal proportions, you can use:

```{r multi-celltype}
#counts <- readRDS(system.file("extdata", "test.rds", package = "simPIC"))

sim <- simPICsimulate(new, method = "groups", 
                nGroups = 2, group.prob = c(0.5, 0.5))
```

```{r plot}
library(SingleCellExperiment)
library(scater)

sim <- logNormCounts(sim)
sim <- scater::runPCA(sim)
plotPCASCE(sim,color_by="Group")
```

# Simulating Multiple Cell Types - variable proportions

In above example, two cell-types were simulated in equal proportions (50% each). You can adjust the proportions to reflect your experimental design, such as having one dominant cell type. The `group.probs` parameter should sum to 1. You can simulate any number of cell types by increasing `nGroups`.

```{r multi-celltype-v}
sim_multi <- simPICsimulate(new, method ="groups", 
                            nGroups = 2, 
                            group.prob = c(0.7, 0.3))

sim_multi <- logNormCounts(sim_multi)
sim_multi <- runPCA(sim_multi)
plotPCASCE(sim_multi, color_by="Group")
```

# Simulating Batch effects

simPIC also supports adding batch effects, allowing you to simulate variations in peak accessibility across batches or conditions for different cell types. To simulate batch effects, you can use the `nBatches` parameter to specify the number of batches, and the `batchCells` parameter to define the number of cells in each batch. 

```{r multi-celltype-batch}
set.seed(567)
sim_batch <- simPICsimulate(new, method="groups",
                            nGroups=2, nBatches=2,
                            group.prob=c(0.5, 0.5),
                            batchCells=c(250,250))

sim_batch <- logNormCounts(sim_batch)
sim_batch <- runPCA(sim_batch)
plotPCASCE(sim_batch, color_by="Batch", shape_by="Group")

```

# Citing simPIC

If you use simPIC in your work please cite our paper:

```{r citation}
citation("simPIC")
```

# Session information {.unnumbered}

```{r sessionInfo}
sessionInfo()
```
[SCE-vignette]:https://bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/vignettes/SingleCellExperiment/inst/doc/intro.html
[PIC-vignette]:https://github.com/Zhen-Miao/PICsnATAC/blob/main/vignettes/Run_PIC_counting_on_pbmc_3k_data.ipynb
